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---
     tabtitle: "Seneca's Letter to Lucilius, Letter 4"
     title: "Seneca's Letter to Lucilius, Letter 4: On the Terrors of Death"
     topics: [philosophy]
     pub: "2018-01-20"
     short_desc: "Letter 4 was the first letter I ever read. Seneca discusses
     death, life, and how to deal with both. I found it during a time of great
     anxiety and strife, yet even now I find it enlightening."
---

<h1>Letter 4: On the Terrors of Death</h1>

<h2>Original Text</h2>
<p>1. Keep on as you have begun, and make all possible haste, so that you may
    have longer enjoyment of an improved mind, one that is at peace with itself.
    Doubtless you will derive enjoyment during the time when you are improving
    your mind and setting it at peace with itself; but quite different is the
    pleasure which comes from contemplation when one's mind is so cleansed from
    every stain that it shines. 2. You remember, of course, what joy you felt
    when you laid aside the garments of boyhood and donned the man's toga, and
    were escorted to the forum; nevertheless, you may look for a still greater
    joy when you have laid aside the mind of boyhood and when wisdom has
    enrolled you among men. For it is not boyhood that still stays with us, but
    something worse, – boyishness. And this condition is all the more serious
    because we possess the authority of old age, together with the follies of
    boyhood, yea, even the follies of infancy.  Boys fear trifles, children fear
    shadows, we fear both.</p>

<p>3. All you need to do is to advance; you will thus understand that some
    things are less to be dreaded, precisely because they inspire us with great
    fear. No evil is great which is the last evil of all. Death arrives; it
    would be a thing to dread, if it could remain with you. But death must
    either not come at all, or else must come and pass away.</p>

<p>4. "It is difficult, however," you say, "to bring the mind to a point where
    it can scorn life." But do you not see what trifling reasons impel men to
    scorn life? One hangs himself before the door of his mistress; another hurls
    himself from the house-top that he may no longer be compelled to bear the
    taunts of a bad-tempered master; a third, to be saved from arrest after
    running away, drives a sword into his vitals. Do you not suppose that virtue
    will be as efficacious as excessive fear? No man can have a peaceful life
    who thinks too much about lengthening it, or believes that living through
    many consulships is a great blessing. 5. Rehearse this thought every day,
    that you may be able to depart from life contentedly; for many men clutch
    and cling to life, even as those who are carried down a rushing stream
    clutch and cling to briars and sharp rocks.</p>?

<p>Most men ebb and flow in wretchedness between the fear of death and the
    hardships of life; they are unwilling to live, and yet they do not know how
    to die. 6. For this reason, make life as a whole agreeable to yourself by
    banishing all worry about it. No good thing renders its possessor happy,
    unless his mind is reconciled to the possibility of loss; nothing, however,
    is lost with less discomfort than that which, when lost, cannot be missed.
    Therefore, encourage and toughen your spirit against the mishaps that
    afflict even the most powerful.  7. For example, the fate of Pompey was
    settled by a boy and a eunuch, that of Crassus by a cruel and insolent
    Parthian. Gaius Caesar ordered Lepidus to bare his neck for the axe of the
    tribune Dexter; and he himself offered his own throat to Chaerea.[1] No man
    has ever been so far advanced by Fortune that she did not threaten him as
    greatly as she had previously indulged him. Do not trust her seeming calm;
    in a moment the sea is moved to its depths. The very day the ships have made
    a brave show in the games, they are engulfed. 8. Reflect that a highwayman
    or an enemy may cut your throat; and, though he is not your master, every
    slave wields the power of life and death over you. Therefore I declare to
    you: he is lord of your life that scorns his own. Think of those who have
    perished through plots in their own home, slain either openly or by guile;
    you will that just as many have been killed by angry slaves as by angry
    kings. What matter, therefore, how powerful he be whom you fear, when every
    one possesses the power which inspires your fear? 9. "But," you will say,
    "if you should chance to fall into the hands of the enemy, the conqueror
    will command that you be led away," – yes, whither you are already being
    led.[2] Why do you voluntarily deceive yourself and require to be told now
    for the first time what fate it is that you have long been labouring under?
    Take my word for it: since the day you were born you are being led thither.
    We must ponder this thought, and thoughts of the like nature, if we desire
    to be calm as we await that last hour, the fear of which makes all previous
    hours uneasy.</p>

<p>10. But I must end my letter. Let me share with you the saying which pleased
    me to-day. It, too, is culled from another man's Garden:[3] "Poverty brought
    into conformity with the law of nature, is great wealth." Do you know what
    limits that law of nature ordains for us? Merely to avert hunger, thirst,
    and cold. In order to banish hunger and thirst, it is not necessary for you
    to pay court at the doors of the purse-proud, or to submit to the stern
    frown, or to the kindness that humiliates; nor is it necessary for you to
    scour the seas, or go campaigning; nature's needs are easily provided and
    ready to hand. 11. It is the superfluous things for which men sweat, – the
    superfluous things that wear our togas threadbare, that force us to grow old
    in camp, that dash us upon foreign shores. That which is enough is ready to
    our hands. He who has made a fair compact with poverty is rich.
    Farewell.</p>

<h2>Response</h2>
- Fear of death, fear of dying, etc..
- The importance of the acceptance of death as a natural, inevitable part of life
- The importance of living each day as virtuously as possible

<p>Letter 4 is the first letter I ever read by Seneca. I read it during a time
    of anxiety and stress, appropriately enough about my health and life.
    Every time I read this letter, I am reminded of why I like Stoicism. During
    the worst of my anxiety, I considered other avenues to find respite.
    Religion, distractions, drugs. None seemed complete; all held a catch.
    Religion asked me to put my faith in gods, to trust that which I cannot
    know. Distractions, though myriad, always ended with me back in reality. And
    as bad as my anxiety was, I'm not willing to subject myself to any degree of
    drugs unless absolutely necessary. Time and again, I found myself back at
    Stoicism. Whether it be the teachings of Epictetus or these letters, the
    teachings within gave me inspiration.</p>

<p>Letter 4 deals with the fear of death, a fear I am all too familiar with.
    Though, to my credit, I don't think I'm alone in this fear. Seneca
    emphasizes the importance of overcoming this fear, as only a mind free from
    fear can be truly at peace. It is not enough to just renounce the fear
    though, you must conquer it. Like invaders at a gate, it will return in force,
    and each time you must defeat it. Fear is a constant companion, but it need
    not be a constant nuisance. To me, overcoming fear means learning, and
    understanding. I like to define fear as a lack of knowledge. We fear the
    darkness, because we know not what it holds, not because of the inherent
    qualities of darkness. To conquer fear is to learn, and grow, and improve,
    relentlessly. Overcome the ignorance, and recognize what is real. As Seneca
    reminds us, old age is not a cure for ignorance, but rather an extension:
    "Boys fear trifles, children fear shadows, we fear both." It is not enough
    to grow old, for adults are just larger children. We must mature in mind as
    well as body.</p>

<p>Death is the great equalizer. Whether a king or a beggar, death comes for
    all. To live is inevitably to die; when may be unknown, but it is certain to
    come. An Onion article once said it best: "World Death Rate Holding Steady
    at 100 Percent." The Stoics are quick to remind us it is fruitless to
    concern ourselves with something outside our control, and death is no
    exception. Seneca is quick with examples: the highwayman or another enemy;
    your slave or your king; Nature itself.

<h3>Source</h3>
<p><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Moral_letters_to_Lucilius/Letter_4">
        Moral Letters to Lucilius, Letter 4 on Wikisource
</a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.theonion.com/world-death-rate-holding-steady-at-100-percent-1819564171">
        The Onion, "World Death Rate Holding Steady at 100 Percent"
</a></p>